Distribution and Diversity of Salmonella Strains in Shipments of Hatchling Poultry,United States, 2013

Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been occurring with increasing frequency. In 2013, multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis were traced back to exposure to live poultry, some of which were purchased at a national chain of farm stores (Farm store chain Y). This study was conducted at 36 stores of Farm store chain Y and was concurrent with the timing of exposure for the human outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. We used environmental swabs of arriving shipment boxes of hatchling poultry and shipment tracking information to examine the distribution, diversity and anti‐microbial resistance of non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) across farm stores and hatcheries. Isolates recovered from shipment boxes underwent serotyping, anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) testing and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Postal service tracking codes from the shipment boxes were used to determine the hatchery of origin. The PFGE patterns were compared with the PFGE patterns of NTS causing outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. A total of 219 hatchling boxes from 36 stores in 13 states were swabbed between 15 March 2013 and 18 April 2013. NTS were recovered from 59 (27%) of 219 hatchling boxes. Recovery was not significantly associated with species of hatchlings, number of birds in the shipment box, or the presence of dead, injured or sick birds. Four of the 23 PFGE patterns and 23 of 50 isolates were indistinguishable from strains causing human outbreaks in 2013. For serotypes associated with human illnesses, PFGE patterns most frequently recovered from shipment boxes were also more frequent causes of human illness. Boxes positive for the same PFGE pattern most frequently originated from the same mail‐order hatchery. Only one of 59 isolates was resistant to anti‐microbials used to treat Salmonella infections in people. This study provides critical information to address recurrent human outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with mail‐order hatchling poultry.     

火龙果北方日光温室栽培技术

火龙果属热带果树，经过多年试验，在北方日光温室条件下，创造适宜生长的环境条件，并选择适宜的品种，通过合理的栽植、土肥水管理、整形修剪、花果管理、病虫防治等能够正常生长结果，果实品质优良，早果丰产，实现了南果北栽，效益明显，具有较高的推广价值。     

变频调速技术在供热锅炉房中的应用

本文介绍了变频调速技术的特点,通过锅炉房风机和水泵的变频调速与挡板节流控制及其它控制方式的比较可知,变频调速有较好的节能效果。     

浅谈住宅工程初装饰

为适应市场经济的发展、满足广大住户对住宅二次装饰的需要,对住宅工程进行初装饰已势在必行.本文探讨了住宅工程初装饰的具体做法和质量葆证措施.     

Load behaviors of a prefabricated wood framing house during lifting and transportation

Lifting for handling and flatbed truck transportation to the job site are important processes during manufacture of prefabri-cated wooden construction units like mini homes and building modules. Significant damage can occur to sections or components of units during these operations. Although damage usually will not impair its structural safety, it is costly to fix and causes the public to perceive prefabricated wooden buildings as low quality products. Field observations and preliminary numerical models for prefabri-cated units subject to lifting and transportation forces are summarized here. Once fully developed and verified, models will support the creation of damage mitigation strategies centered on structural details indicating how units are to be supported during lifting and transportation.     

对住宅建设的一点看法

本文着重从几个方面论述住宅建设今后的发展方向。使住宅总体规划合理,经济适用,住宅建设与环境协调,达到可持续发展原则的绿色住宅和生态住宅区。     

食用仙人掌塑料大棚的管理技术

通过食用仙人掌塑料大棚栽培试验．结合长江流域的地理气候特点-总结出适合长江流域食用仙人掌塑料大棚管理技术，人工补光、冬季保温、夏季降温，棚室经常通风换气。保持土壤水分、降低棚室空气温度、合理施肥，保证食用仙人掌塑料大棚立产栽培的关键技术。     

海盐县农房建设GIS信息系统研究与开发

以浙江省海盐县为例,对我国农房建设GIS信息系统的建设内容、技术路线、实现方法等进行了阐述,通过此项目实现了对农房建设项目信息申报、项目审批和农房空间可视化等系统功能,为农房建设规范化、可控化、权力下放等提供了技术支持,也可为其他地区农房建设信息化管理提供项目经验和技术参考。     

Bird flu (H7N9) outbreak and its implications on the supply chain of poultry meat in China

During the past two decades, food safety issues in China not only posed serious threats to Chinese consumers but also damaged the image of Chinese products internationally. In China, food safety is not only about scientific discoveries, advanced laboratories, and sanitation equipment; it is more about the role of different players in the food supply chain. The poultry meat supply chain is instrumental in the spread of the avian influenza A virus (H7N9), raising questions about how policymakers respond to such threats and whether industries need to be restructured to manage and control this epidemic so that it does not recur. As a short-term measure, to prevent the spread of this disease, government authorities enforced the closure of live bird markets (LBM) in disease-affected areas of China. However, in the long term, the poultry meat supply chain needs to be restructured. The aim of the current study was to analyze distribution channels for chicken meat in China and then describe arrangements in poultry meat sectors that incorporate small- and medium-scale producers into the supply chain while responding to shifts in LBMs. We also assessed the role of LBMs in spreading H7N9 and how these interventions affect the poultry meat supply chain in the Chinese market.     

枸杞叶的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用

枸杞叶是茄科枸杞属植物枸杞的茎叶,其营养成分和活性成分种类与枸杞子基本相同,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。该文综述了枸杞叶的营养价值、活性成分及在畜禽生产中的应用,探讨其提高畜禽生产性能、肉品质及抗病力的机理,以期为枸杞叶在畜禽生产中的研究开发提供理论支持。